Metaverse Science, Society and Law
type: channel
description: e-ISSN: request pending DOI: https://doi.org/10.69635/mssl This peer-reviewed journal investigates the evolving landscape of the Metaverse through a multidisciplinary lens, spanning technological innovation, legal frameworks, ethical questions, governance models, and social change. It examines how immersive virtual spaces influence identity formation, regulatory structures, cultural expression, learning systems, digital economies, and patterns of human engagement. The journal fosters high-quality scholarship that deepens insight into the transformative potential of Metaverse environments and their worldwide implications.
publisher: SciFormat Publishing Inc.
language: en
publication name: Metaverse Science, Society and Law
copyright: All articles are published as open access and are licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (CC BY 4.0). This means that authors retain the copyright to the content of their articles. Under the CC BY 4.0 license, the content can be copied, adapted, displayed, distributed, republished, or otherwise reused for any purpose, including commercial use, provided that proper attribution is given to the original authors.
items: LEGAL REGULATION OF MEDIATION IN THE AGE OF ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE: A COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF UKRAINE AND THE UNITED STATES (2021–2026)
items: RAG-BASED AUTOMATION OF THE CLIENT JOURNEY IN MEDICAL AND WELLNESS SYSTEMS: OPERATIONAL EFFICIENCY, CLIENT RETENTION, AND BEHAVIORAL CALIBRATION OF AI-MEDIATED COMMUNICATION
items: FROM PASSIVE HOSPITAL BEDS TO AI-ENABLED PATIENT MONITORING PLATFORMS: EMBEDDED SENSORS, CLINICAL WORKFLOW INTEGRATION, AND LOCAL LLM EXPLANATION LAYER
items: CRIMINAL LIABILITY FOR CYBERCRIMES: A COMPARATIVE LEGAL ANALYSIS OF THE LEGISLATION OF UKRAINE AND THE EUROPEAN UNION
items: ETHICAL GOVERNANCE AND HUMAN-CENTRIC DESIGN IN THE MULTISENSORY METAVERSE: THE CASE OF DIGITAL OLFACTION
items: TECHNICAL AND LEGAL DEFINITIONS AS A BASIS OF MODERN DIGITAL LAW AND DIGITAL JURISDICTION: A MODEL ALGORITHM OF AI DESIGN TECHNICAL AND LEGAL NORMS
items: CRIMINAL-LAW CHARACTERIZATION OF CYBERCRIMES COMMITTED THROUGH THE USE OF ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE
items: PSYCHOLOGICAL TESTING AS AN INSTRUMENT OF DIFFERENTIATED SUPPORT IN EDUCATION, HEALTHCARE SETTINGS, AND CRISIS LIFE TRANSITIONS: TYPOLOGICAL, TRAIT-BASED, AND PSYCHODYNAMIC APPROACHES
items: LLM AS THE NON-DESIRING OTHER: A PSYCHOANALYTIC MODEL OF “FROZEN PROJECTION” AND ITS OPERATIONALIZATION WITHIN THE PersonaMatrix FRAMEWORK
items: PROBLEMS OF THE CLASSIFICATION OF CRIMINAL OFFENSES COMMITTED THROUGH THE USE OF ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE TECHNOLOGIES
items: ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE AND CYBERSECURITY IN THE ACTIVITIES OF LAW ENFORCEMENT AGENCIES
items: ADMINISTRATIVE AND LEGAL REGULATION OF THE USE OF ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE IN THE ACTIVITIES OF LAW ENFORCEMENT AGENCIES
items: ALGORITHMIC MECHANISMS OF UNFAIR COMPETITION IN DIGITAL MARKETS
items: AI SPACE: APPROACHES AND FEATURES OF LEGAL REGULATION
items: PSYCHOACTIVE TRIGGERS AS A STIMULUS BATTERY FOR MEASURING LARGE LANGUAGE MODELS (LLMs): A BRIDGE BETWEEN PSYCHOMETRICS, CLINICAL PSYCHOLOGY, AND LLM ENGINEERING
items: IMPLEMENTATION OF INTERNATIONAL HUMANITARIAN LAW IN VIRTUAL ENVIRONMENTS: CHALLENGES AND PROSPECTS FOR REGULATING ARMED CONFLICTS IN THE ERA OF THE METAVERSE AND IMMERSIVE TECHNOLOGIES
items: SAFE USE OF DIGITAL MEDICAL DATA OF HIGH-TECH DIAGNOSTIC EXAMINATIONS IN EXPERT SIMULATION BASED ON VIRTUAL TWINS
items: NEUROANCHORING OF THINKING: A NEW METACOGNITIVE MODEL OF THINKING AND CONTENT LABELING AS A CATALYST FOR THE RAPID TRANSFORMATION OF EDUCATION SYSTEM FROM LEVEL 2.0 TO LEVEL 5.0
items: AUTOMATED COMPLEX "ELECTRONIC SIGNATURE OF THE VOTER (EPO)" AS AN ELEMENT OF THE CRITICAL INFRASTRUCTURE OF THE ELECTION PROCESS
items: LEGAL REGULATION OF THE USE OF SIMULATION AND MODELING TECHNOLOGIES IN ENSURING STATE SECURITY BY LAW ENFORCEMENT AGENCIES OF UKRAINE
items: FEATURES OF DIGITALIZATION AND ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE OF PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION
items: DIGITAL JURISDICTION
items: AI-ENABLED DRONES: THE CASE OF THE RUSSO-UKRAINIAN WAR AND ITS FAR-REACHING CONSEQUENCES
items: GDPR PRACTICES FOR IDENTITY VERIFICATION IN THE BICYCLE RENTAL SECTOR IN BELGIUM
items: METAVERSE AND METATHEORY
items: LEGAL FRAMEWORK FOR CYBERSECURITY IN THE CONTEXT OF THE METAVERSE FORMATION
items: LEGAL REGULATION OF THE USE OF ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE IN ENSURING STATE SECURITY IN UKRAINE’S BORDER REGIONS BY LAW ENFORCEMENT AGENCIES
items: QUANTUM SECURITY IN WEB 4.0: A NEW STAGE IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE METAVERSE
items: LEGAL REGULATION IN THE FIELD OF INTERNAL INFORMATION SECURITY AS A COMPONENT OF UKRAINE'S NATIONAL SECURITY
items: DEVELOPMENT OF THE DOCTRINE OF IMPLEMENTING ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE IN PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION

LEGAL REGULATION OF MEDIATION IN THE AGE OF ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE: A COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF UKRAINE AND THE UNITED STATES (2021–2026)
type: item
description: This article presents a comparative analysis of the legal regulation of mediation in Ukraine and the United States between 2021 and 2026 in light of an emerging challenge: the use of artificial intelligence tools in mediation practice. The study applies the comparative legal method, doctrinal analysis of primary sources (the Law of Ukraine “On Mediation,” the Uniform Mediation Act, Regulation (EU) 2024/1689, and the institutional rules of ADR providers), and a critical review of the scholarly literature. The analysis shows that neither jurisdiction has adopted a binding rule defining the limits of a mediator's use of AI, disclosure duties toward the parties, or the allocation of responsibility for errors in AI-generated content. At the same time, the article develops the author's position that the very nature of mediation calls into question the need for strict statutory regulation of AI in this field. A mediator renders no decision; legal force attaches to the parties' settlement agreement, and state enforcement secures that agreement rather than any act of the neutral. This reasoning finds support in EU law: under Recital 61 of Regulation (EU) 2024/1689 and the European Commission's draft guidelines of May 19, 2026, the high-risk classification of AI systems in ADR turns on whether the outcome of the procedure produces legal effects for the parties. The article proposes a differentiated approach: instead of regulating the technology, the proper object of regulation is the mediator's personal responsibility for verifying AI-generated content, with possible exceptions for particular categories of disputes.
subject: Law, Regulation, and Digital Rights
  topic: section
subject:
  topic: keywords
  value: Artificial Intelligence; Mediation; Alternative Dispute Resolution; Comparative Law; Law of Ukraine “On Mediation”; Uniform Mediation Act; EU Artificial Intelligence Act; Mediator Responsibility; Mediated Settlement Agreement; Ukraine; United States
creator: Kateryna Klymenko
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Kateryna Klymenko (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2026-06-30
publication date: 2026-06-30
doi: 10.69635/mssl.2026.2.2.49

RAG-BASED AUTOMATION OF THE CLIENT JOURNEY IN MEDICAL AND WELLNESS SYSTEMS: OPERATIONAL EFFICIENCY, CLIENT RETENTION, AND BEHAVIORAL CALIBRATION OF AI-MEDIATED COMMUNICATION
type: item
description: This article examines Retrieval-Augmented Generation (RAG)-based automation of client interaction in medical and wellness systems as a scalable operational model for reducing customer acquisition cost (CAC), improving client retention, and increasing the reliability of AI-mediated service communication. The study introduces a structured operational framework combining acquisition funnel analysis, retention funnel analysis, time-cost evaluation, staff workload assessment, and relative efficiency metrics. The model demonstrates that CAC is determined not only by advertising expenditure but also by fragmented interaction processes across the client journey: initial response, consultation, follow-up, appointment coordination, and post-service retention. Based on a modeled funnel of 10,000 impressions, 200 clicks, 150 leads, 90 consultations, and 60 clients , a manual interaction scenario requires 40 minutes per client, resulting in 40 hours of total staff work for 60 clients and a CAC of approximately $83. Following the implementation of an integrated automation architecture uniting CRM data, verified service knowledge, and RAG-driven chatbot interactions, processing time decreases to 15 minutes per client, staff workload drops from 6.6 to 2.5 hours per employee, and CAC decreases to approximately $66. Furthermore, the article proposes a behavioral calibration model for RAG-based systems. Drawing on measurement methodologies implemented in the PersonaMatrix project (Opulentia SC LLC, Florida, USA), the study argues that RAG systems in health-adjacent contexts must be evaluated by response stability, interpretive drift, and structural coherence. Three indicators—Response Stability Index (RSI), Interpretive Drift Score (IDS), and Response Coherence/Structure Score (RCS)—are proposed as a calibration layer to transform automated interfaces into context-sensitive, ethically bounded service mediators.
subject: Artificial Intelligence and Intelligent Agents
  topic: section
subject: RAG, CRM, Wellness Systems, Medical Client Interaction, CAC, Client Retention, Chatbot Automation, PersonaMatrix, Behavioral Calibration, Human–AI Interaction
  topic: keywords
creator: Aponchuk Alona
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Aponchuk Alona (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2026-06-04
publication date: 2026-06-04
doi: 10.69635/mssl.2026.2.2.45

FROM PASSIVE HOSPITAL BEDS TO AI-ENABLED PATIENT MONITORING PLATFORMS: EMBEDDED SENSORS, CLINICAL WORKFLOW INTEGRATION, AND LOCAL LLM EXPLANATION LAYER
type: item
description: Hospital beds have historically functioned as passive components of clinical hardware, providing structural support, anatomical positioning, and patient transport while remaining data-isolated from the broader clinical monitoring ecosystem. Escalating patient acuity, chronic nursing shortages, and the economic and clinical burdens of hospital-acquired conditions (HACs)—such as accidental falls and pressure injuries—have accelerated the transformation of these fixtures into intelligent, network-integrated medical devices. This article examines the technological shift toward AI-enabled smart beds, evaluating embedded sensor modalities including load cells, piezoresistive and capacitive pressure matrices, inertial measurement units (IMUs), and non-contact optoelectronic and micro-motion vital sign sensors. Beyond primary data acquisition and machine learning-based event classification, this study explores the integration of these systems into acute and long-term care workflows. We propose a localized Large Language Model (LLM) explanation layer designed to translate complex, multi-modal sensor telemetry into bounded, structured, and clinically actionable alerts. To mitigate the inherent risks of generative text in safety-critical environments—such as interpretive drift and diagnostic overreach—this article adapts a behavioral validation framework derived from the PersonaMatrix project (Opulentia SC LLC). We formalize three core evaluation metrics: the Response Stability Index (RSI), the Interpretive Drift Score (IDS), and the Response Coherence/Structure Score (RCS). Ultimately, this analysis establishes that AI-enabled smart beds represent an essential paradigm shift in inpatient safety infrastructure, provided their deployment adheres to strict socio-technical validation, localized data governance, and deterministic workflow integration.
subject: Artificial Intelligence and Intelligent Agents
  topic: section
subject:
  topic: keywords
  value: Smart Medical Beds, AI Patient Monitoring, Embedded Sensors, Fall Prevention, Pressure Injury Prevention, Local LLMs, Clinical Workflow, Hospital Infrastructure, Patient Safety, Continuous Monitoring, PersonaMatrix, Behavioral Validation
creator: Levchenko Yuri
creator: Zasiadkevych Marta
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Levchenko Yuri, Zasiadkevych Marta (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2026-06-02
publication date: 2026-06-02
doi: 10.69635/mssl.2026.2.2.44

CRIMINAL LIABILITY FOR CYBERCRIMES: A COMPARATIVE LEGAL ANALYSIS OF THE LEGISLATION OF UKRAINE AND THE EUROPEAN UNION
type: item
description: This scientific study provides a comparative legal analysis of criminal liability for cybercrimes in Ukraine and the European Union. In particular, it examines theoretical approaches to understanding cybercrimes as an object of criminal law regulation, as well as the specific features of the legal framework establishing liability for such acts in the national legislation of Ukraine and in the legal acts of the European Union. It is determined that contemporary cybercrime is characterized by a high level of latency, transnational nature, technological complexity, and the capacity to cause significant harm to the information security of the state, human rights, and both public and private interests. The study also analyzes the common and distinctive features of the legal regulation of cybercrimes, approaches to defining their characteristics, and the specifics of establishing the limits of criminal liability for offenses in the field of information and communication systems. It is substantiated that the legislation of Ukraine generally complies with fundamental international and European approaches to combating cybercrime; however, it requires further improvement in terms of harmonizing terminology, clarifying certain elements of criminal offenses, and further developing mechanisms of international cooperation. It is concluded that the adaptation of national criminal legislation to modern European standards is an important prerequisite for enhancing the effectiveness of countering cybercrime in the context of digitalization and contemporary challenges to Ukraine’s national security.
subject: Law, Regulation, and Digital Rights
  topic: section
subject: Cybercrime, Criminal Liability, Criminal Law Regulation, Cybersecurity, Legislation of Ukraine, Legislation of The European Union, Comparative Legal Analysis, Information and Communication Systems
  topic: keywords
creator: Dmitry Lopashchuk
creator: Bogdan Krymchanin
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Dmitry Lopashchuk, Bogdan Krymchanin (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2026-06-05
publication date: 2026-06-05
doi: 10.69635/mssl.2026.2.2.43

ETHICAL GOVERNANCE AND HUMAN-CENTRIC DESIGN IN THE MULTISENSORY METAVERSE: THE CASE OF DIGITAL OLFACTION
type: item
description: This work explores the complex landscape of ethical governance and the regulatory framework governing the metaverse, with a specific focus on the integration of multisensory experiences and digital olfaction. It analyzes the role of the metaverse as a catalyst for digital transformation and examines key international and European legislative initiatives, highlighting the current regulatory void surrounding sensory data and "cognitive biometrics." The research addresses the critical risks associated with emotional manipulation and the emergence of the "Darkverse," where immersive environments can be exploited for subconscious psychological influence. As a strategic response, the study proposes an Ethical UX Design Framework tailored for digital olfaction, emphasizing user autonomy, explicit consent, and accessibility for individuals with olfactory dysfunctions. By bridging technological innovation with ethical mediation and participatory design, this research contributes to the development of a more secure, inclusive, and ethically governed multisensory metaverse.
subject: Ethics, Philosophy, and Responsible Innovation
  topic: section
subject: Metaverse, Metavethics, Multisensory Experiences, Digital Olfaction
  topic: keywords
creator: Dimitrios Panagiotakopoulos
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Dimitrios Panagiotakopoulos (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2026-06-05
publication date: 2026-06-05
doi: 10.69635/mssl.2026.2.2.42

TECHNICAL AND LEGAL DEFINITIONS AS A BASIS OF MODERN DIGITAL LAW AND DIGITAL JURISDICTION: A MODEL ALGORITHM OF AI DESIGN TECHNICAL AND LEGAL NORMS
type: item
description: The rapid convergence of artificial intelligence, data management, digital identity, blockchain infrastructures, smart contracts, digital twins, immersive environments, and Metaverse/Web 4.0 platforms has revealed the structural insufficiency of the classical legal conceptual apparatus. The traditional legal definition mostly stabilizes the meaning of the term within the normative text, while digital law requires definitions that can simultaneously reflect technological functionality, algorithmic implications, interoperability requirements, evidence, responsibility and jurisdictional linkage. The article aims to substantiate technical and legal definitions as initial modules for the design of technical and legal norms (TLN) — a new type of normative construction of modern information law. The research methodology combines doctrinal analysis, comparative legal method, legal and linguistic analysis, legal semiotics, system-structural method, normative modeling and AI-assisted legal modeling under mandatory human control. The article shows that modern digital regulatory acts, including the EU AI Act, GDPR, Digital Services Act, Data Act, eIDAS 2.0, Cyber Resilience Act, and MiCA, are already built around complex technical and legal definitions that define the boundaries of rights, obligations, risks, compliance, responsibility, and jurisdiction. The scientific novelty lies in the proposed ten-stage algorithm for designing a TLN with the use of AI and the mandatory participation of a human expert. Highlights: 1) Technical and legal definitions are infrastructural elements of digital law; 2) Technical and legal norms transform technological phenomena into rights, obligations, guarantees and mechanisms of responsibility; 3) AI can support legal modeling, but does not replace a human expert; 4) Modern EU digital legislation demonstrates the growing importance of technical and legal definitions; 5) A ten-stage algorithm for designing the TLN as a new type of normative const…
subject: Law, Regulation, and Digital Rights
  topic: section
subject: AI, Information Law, Digital Transformation, Technical and Legal Definitions, Technical and Legal Norms, Digital Law, Digital Jurisdiction, Artificial Intelligence, Digital Code
  topic: keywords
creator: Oleksii Kostenko
creator: Nataliya Onishchenko
creator: Dmytro Zhuravlov
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Oleksii Kostenko, Nataliya Onishchenko, Dmytro Zhuravlov (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2026-05-18
publication date: 2026-05-18
doi: 10.69635/mssl.2026.2.2.41

CRIMINAL-LAW CHARACTERIZATION OF CYBERCRIMES COMMITTED THROUGH THE USE OF ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE
type: item
description: The article examines the criminal-law characterization of cybercrimes committed through the use of artificial intelligence technologies, taking into account current trends in the digitalization of social relations and the transformation of criminal activity within the information environment. It is substantiated that the rapid development of artificial intelligence gives rise not only to new opportunities for automation, data processing, and increasing the efficiency of digital processes, but also to additional criminogenic risks associated with the use of such technologies for the commission of socially dangerous acts in cyberspace. Particular attention is paid to the fact that the use of artificial intelligence in the mechanism of cybercrime commission complicates the process of detecting, documenting, and properly assessing unlawful conduct under criminal law. The article analyzes general approaches to understanding cybercrime as a distinct form of criminal activity that encroaches upon the security of information systems, computer networks, electronic communications, and the related social relations. Special attention is given to the impact of artificial intelligence on the modification of traditional methods of committing cybercrimes, in particular through the automation of unauthorized interference, the concealment of criminal activity, the creation of malicious software, the manipulation of information, and the imitation of human digital behavior. It is determined that, in the context of the development of intelligent technologies, particular importance attaches to the proper classification of acts, the establishment of the form of guilt, causation, and the distinction between the use of artificial intelligence as an instrument for committing a crime and cases of its lawful application. It is concluded that the criminal-law characterization of cybercrimes committed through the use of artificial intelligence requires comprehensive scholarly analysis in view of…
subject: Law, Regulation, and Digital Rights
  topic: section
subject:
  topic: keywords
  value: Cybercrimes, Artificial Intelligence, Criminal-Law Characterization, Cybercrime, Classification of Criminal Offenses, Information Technologies, Cyberspace, Criminal Liability, Digital Evidence, Information Security
creator: Viktoriya Liubavina
creator: Bogdan Krymchanin
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Viktoriya Liubavina, Bogdan Krymchanin (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2026-05-01
publication date: 2026-05-01
doi: 10.69635/mssl.2026.2.2.39

PSYCHOLOGICAL TESTING AS AN INSTRUMENT OF DIFFERENTIATED SUPPORT IN EDUCATION, HEALTHCARE SETTINGS, AND CRISIS LIFE TRANSITIONS: TYPOLOGICAL, TRAIT-BASED, AND PSYCHODYNAMIC APPROACHES
type: item
description: This article examines psychological testing as an instrument of differentiated support in three applied domains: educational settings, small and medium-sized healthcare and wellness environments, and support for individuals undergoing crisis life transitions or major changes in life circumstances. The study integrates typological, trait-based, and psychodynamic approaches to personality description. It argues that the practical value of psychological testing lies not only in classification, but also in the identification of relatively stable response patterns that can be used for support planning, educational adaptation, and the development of psychologically appropriate communication. As an empirical illustration, the article draws on repeated testing data from 159 cases, with an additional character-trait test available for 49 individuals. The findings indicate that repeated stability of the dominant characterological type is associated with greater clarity and stability of the trait profile. PersonaMatrix is presented as one possible instrument for such applications, rather than as the exclusive center of analysis. The article concludes that structured psychological testing may serve as a non-clinical analytical layer for more precise tailoring of support to an individual’s psychological needs, provided that ethical, interpretive, and methodological boundaries are clearly maintained.
subject: Education, Training, and Cognitive Science
  topic: section
subject: Psychological Testing, Character Types, Trait Profiles, Big Five, Psychodynamic Approach, Healthcare Communication, Educational Support, Life Transitions, PersonaMatrix
  topic: keywords
creator: Anatoliy Drobakha
creator: Liudmyla Lahuta
creator: Alona Aponchuk
creator: Mykhailo Kalitkin
creator: Roman Nayda
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Anatoliy Drobakha, Liudmyla Lahuta, Alona Aponchuk, Mykhailo Kalitkin, Roman Nayda (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2026-04-24
publication date: 2026-04-24
doi: 10.69635/mssl.2026.2.2.38

LLM AS THE NON-DESIRING OTHER: A PSYCHOANALYTIC MODEL OF “FROZEN PROJECTION” AND ITS OPERATIONALIZATION WITHIN THE PersonaMatrix FRAMEWORK
type: item
description: This article proposes an interdisciplinary model for analyzing human interaction with large language models (LLMs), combining psychoanalytic theory, psychometrics, and contemporary approaches to language model evaluation. Theoretically, the LLM is conceptualized as a non-desiring Other: unlike the human Other in the logic of Freud and Lacan, the model does not introduce into interaction its own desire, lack, or structural resistance. As a result, the subject’s projection may return not in a transformed but in a stabilized form. To describe this mode, the concept of “frozen projection” is introduced. The article argues that this is not merely a psychoanalytic metaphor. Within the PersonaMatrix research framework, this phenomenon can be partially operationalized through psychoactive triggers and the metrics Response Stability Index (RSI), Internal Divergence Score (IDS), and Response Coherence/Structure Score (RCS) (Drobakha et al., 2026). This approach fits within the broader movement toward reproducible and standardized LLM evaluation, as emphasized by Biderman et al. (2024) in their work on lm-eval, as well as within contemporary psychometric approaches to measuring personality-like patterns in language models, proposed by Serapio-García et al. (2025). Drawing on PersonaMatrix research materials and three measurement waves, T1–T3, the article shows that within this protocol models exhibit a high level of typological return stability, a low level of internal divergence, and a sufficiently high level of response form coherence. This makes it possible to interpret “frozen projection” as a behavioral pattern with measurable correlates. At the same time, following Zhou et al. (2024) and Moore et al. (2025), the article emphasizes that stability and persuasiveness are not equivalent to reliability or safety: in psychologically sensitive contexts, LLMs may produce a pseudo-therapeutic effect, blur the boundaries of responsibility, and generate risky responses.
subject: Extended Reality (XR) and Human-Computer Interaction
  topic: section
subject: LLM, Psychoanalysis, Non-Desiring Other, Frozen Projection, PersonaMatrix, Psychoactive Triggers, Psychometrics, AI Safety, Human–AI Interaction
  topic: keywords
creator: Anatoliy Drobakha
creator: Diana Raschupkina
creator: Liudmyla Lahuta
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Anatoliy Drobakha, Diana Raschupkina, Liudmyla Lahuta (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2026-04-16
publication date: 2026-04-16
doi: 10.69635/mssl.2026.2.2.37

PROBLEMS OF THE CLASSIFICATION OF CRIMINAL OFFENSES COMMITTED THROUGH THE USE OF ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE TECHNOLOGIES
type: item
description: The article examines the issues involved in the classification of criminal offenses committed through the use of artificial intelligence technologies, taking into account current trends in the development of the digital environment and the transformation of methods of criminal activity. It is substantiated that the spread of intelligent algorithms, generative models, automated data analysis systems, and digital platforms incorporating elements of artificial intelligence significantly affects the mechanism of committing criminally unlawful acts and complicates their detection, proof, and proper criminal-law assessment. It is determined that, from the criminal-law perspective, artificial intelligence should be regarded not as an independent subject of criminal liability, but as a means, instrument, method, or contextual element in the commission of a criminal offense. The first part of the article reveals the criminal-law characteristics of acts committed through the use of artificial intelligence technologies and outlines the main forms of their manifestation in the sphere of encroachments upon property, information security, public safety, and human rights and freedoms. The second part focuses on the specific features of establishing the elements of a criminal offense when such technologies are used, in particular the determination of the object, objective element, subject, subjective element, form of guilt, causal link, and the limits of criminal liability of a person who uses algorithmic systems for unlawful purposes. It is concluded that the current criminal legislation of Ukraine generally makes it possible to classify such acts; however, in the context of the rapid development of artificial intelligence, there is a need to clarify certain provisions of criminal law, develop uniform approaches to law enforcement, and deepen the doctrinal understanding of the role of artificial intelligence in the mechanism of criminally unlawful conduct.
subject: Law, Regulation, and Digital Rights
  topic: section
subject: Artificial Intelligence, Criminal Offense, Classification of Criminal Offenses, Elements of a Criminal Offense, Criminal Liability, Digital Technologies
  topic: keywords
creator: Viktoriya Liubavina
creator: Bogdan Krymchanin
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Viktoriya Liubavina, Bogdan Krymchanin (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2026-03-30
publication date: 2026-03-30
doi: 10.69635/mssl.2026.2.1.36

ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE AND CYBERSECURITY IN THE ACTIVITIES OF LAW ENFORCEMENT AGENCIES
type: item
description: The scientific study examines and substantiates, in accordance with the Law of Ukraine “On the Basic Principles of Ensuring Cybersecurity of Ukraine” of 2017, No. 45, which defines the terms indicators of cyber threats, information on a cybersecurity incident, cybersecurity incident, cyberattack, cybersecurity, cyber threat, cyber defense, and others, while the terms “national security,” “national interests,” and “threats to national security” are used in this Law in the meaning defined by the Law of Ukraine “On the Fundamentals of National Security of Ukraine.” The term “critical infrastructure object” is used in this Law in the meaning defined by the Law of Ukraine “On Critical Infrastructure.” The rapid digitalization of social relations, the growing number of cyber threats, the spread of cybercrime, and the increasing complexity of digital attacks require law enforcement agencies to implement new technological solutions capable of ensuring the prompt detection, analysis, and neutralization of threats in cyberspace. It has been established that artificial intelligence in law enforcement activity may be used for monitoring cyber incidents, detecting anomalous activity in information systems, analyzing large data sets, automating responses to certain events, classifying malicious software, countering phishing, and supporting digital investigations. This constitutes a generalization and logical development of the officially defined tasks of the cyber police, which include combating cybercrime, systematizing cyber incidents, informing the public, and interacting with foreign partners. It has been proved that the combination of artificial intelligence and cybersecurity tools opens significant opportunities for carrying out reform processes in the field of law enforcement activity in Ukraine and for regulating the status of law enforcement agencies in the Constitution of Ukraine, while at the same time generating new regulatory and ethical risks associated with the pro…
subject: Law, Regulation, and Digital Rights
  topic: section
subject: Artificial Intelligence, Cybersecurity, Law Enforcement Agencies, Cybercrime, Digital Technologies, Cyber Incidents, Information Security, Algorithmic Systems, Personal Data, Digital Investigations
  topic: keywords
creator: Oleksandr Nikitenko
creator: Olena Kryzhanovska
creator: Illia Zhuravel
creator: Volodymyr Zhuravel
creator: Bogdan Krymchanin
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Oleksandr Nikitenko, Olena Kryzhanovska, Illia Zhuravel, Volodymyr Zhuravel, Bogdan Krymchanin (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2026-03-30
publication date: 2026-03-30
doi: 10.69635/mssl.2026.2.1.35

ADMINISTRATIVE AND LEGAL REGULATION OF THE USE OF ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE IN THE ACTIVITIES OF LAW ENFORCEMENT AGENCIES
type: item
description: The scientific study “Administrative and Legal Regulation of the Use of Artificial Intelligence in the Activities of Law Enforcement Agencies” examines the theoretical-legal and administrative-legal foundations for the use of artificial intelligence in the activities of law enforcement agencies of Ukraine. It is substantiated that the digital transformation of public administration in the field of ensuring the national security of the state, as well as the need to enhance the effectiveness of preventive and law enforcement activities, determine the active introduction of intelligent technologies into the activities of law enforcement agencies in the sphere of state security of Ukraine. It has been established that artificial intelligence in this field may be used for the analytical processing of information, the identification of patterns, risk forecasting, the automation of certain procedures, support for managerial decision-making, as well as for increasing the speed of response aimed at the prevention of offenses and threats to the state security of Ukraine. It has been proved that the use of artificial intelligence in law enforcement activity is of a dual nature: on the one hand, it contributes to improving the effectiveness of the work of law enforcement agencies; on the other hand, it gives rise to risks for the individual, his or her life and health, honor and dignity, inviolability, and security, which are recognized in Ukraine as the highest social value, as well as for the protection of sovereignty and territorial integrity and the protection of the state border of Ukraine [1]. It has been clarified that the current legislation of Ukraine does not contain a coherent special regulatory legal act that would comprehensively govern the use of artificial intelligence in the activities of law enforcement agencies in the sphere of state security. Therefore, such regulation is currently carried out in a fragmented manner through the provisions of constitutional, a…
subject: Law, Regulation, and Digital Rights
  topic: section
subject:
  topic: keywords
  value: Artificial Intelligence, Law Enforcement Agencies, Administrative and Legal Regulation, Public Administration, Digitalization, Protection of Sovereignty and Territorial Integrity, Protection of The State Border of Ukraine, Protection of State Security
creator: Oleksandr Nikitenko
creator: Olena Kryzhanovska
creator: Illia Zhuravel
creator: Volodymyr Zhuravel
creator: Bogdan Krymchanin
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Oleksandr Nikitenko, Olena Kryzhanovska, Illia Zhuravel, Volodymyr Zhuravel, Bogdan Krymchanin (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2026-03-30
publication date: 2026-03-30
doi: 10.69635/mssl.2026.2.1.34

ALGORITHMIC MECHANISMS OF UNFAIR COMPETITION IN DIGITAL MARKETS
type: item
description: The article examines the transformation of unfair competition under conditions of digitalization and the growing dominance of platform-based business models. It argues that traditional anti-competitive practices increasingly acquire an algorithmic nature and are implemented through ranking systems, recommendation mechanisms, automated pricing tools, and large-scale data processing. The study identifies key algorithmic mechanisms of competitive distortion, including self-preferencing, visibility manipulation, algorithmic coordination, data opacity, interoperability restrictions, and the reinforcement of market power through network effects. It demonstrates that the interaction between data, algorithms, and platform infrastructure produces a new configuration of digital market power that challenges conventional competition law doctrines. The paper develops an integrated economic and legal model of regulatory response that combines ex post antitrust enforcement with ex ante preventive obligations. The proposed model includes algorithmic risk detection, legal qualification of conduct, proportional remedial measures (transparency requirements, algorithmic audits, interoperability duties), and compliance monitoring. Particular attention is paid to the evidentiary challenges associated with algorithmic opacity and the need for adapted standards of digital proof. The scientific novelty of the research lies in the conceptualization of a systemic framework linking algorithmic mechanisms, digital market structures, regulatory instruments, and digital evidence in the context of contemporary antitrust control.
subject: Economic Models and Virtual Markets
  topic: section
subject: Digital Markets, Unfair Competition, Algorithmic Market Power, Digital Platforms, Competition Law, Ex Ante Regulation, Algorithmic Audit, Network Effects, Platform Governance, Regulatory Model
  topic: keywords
creator: Gennadi Androshchuk
creator: Vladislav Khvostenko
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Gennadi Androshchuk, Vladislav Khvostenko (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2026-03-30
publication date: 2026-03-30
doi: 10.69635/mssl.2026.2.1.33

AI SPACE: APPROACHES AND FEATURES OF LEGAL REGULATION
type: item
description: The article examines the specific features of legal regulation of the artificial intelligence domain within the framework of the contemporary information society. The study argues for a human-centered approach to the development of legal mechanisms for governing AI, which must remain consistent with general legal principles and the protection of human rights and freedoms. Special attention is paid to the issues of legal provision and legal intervention in the AI sphere, along with the potential risks associated with the emergence of a digital dictatorship. The conclusion emphasizes the necessity of further academic and normative efforts aimed at regulating the AI domain.
subject: Law, Regulation, and Digital Rights
  topic: section
subject: AI Domain, Legal Regulation, Human-Centered Approach, Protection of Human Rights, Information Society, Digital Dictatorship, Legal Provision, Legal Intervention
  topic: keywords
creator: Nataliya Onishchenko
creator: Dmytro Zhuravlov
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Nataliya Onishchenko, Dmytro Zhuravlov (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2026-02-20
publication date: 2026-02-20
doi: 10.69635/mssl.2026.2.1.32

PSYCHOACTIVE TRIGGERS AS A STIMULUS BATTERY FOR MEASURING LARGE LANGUAGE MODELS (LLMs): A BRIDGE BETWEEN PSYCHOMETRICS, CLINICAL PSYCHOLOGY, AND LLM ENGINEERING
type: item
description: Evaluating large language models (LLMs) in psychologically sensitive and human-centered domains faces two persistent challenges. First, conventional benchmarks capture instrumental capabilities but often fail to represent model behavior in open-ended dialogue where emotional context, conflict, ambiguity, and user safety define quality. Second, LLM outputs can be unstable across re-runs and highly sensitive to prompt phrasing, undermining reproducibility and cross-model comparisons [1]. This article introduces an applied framework of psychoactive triggers: standardized textual stimuli designed to evoke systematic shifts in response style, narrative coherence, explanatory stance, empathy calibration, and risk regulation. Psychoactive triggers are treated as an analogue of psychometric items adapted to LLMs: each trigger carries a controlled psychological load (e.g., threat, shame, guilt, control, intimacy, autonomy), allowing measurement of stable behavioral patterns rather than binary correctness. The framework is illustrated using the PersonaMatrix ecosystem, where trigger batteries are applied in multiple measurement waves. A four-class metric taxonomy is proposed, with this paper focusing on Class I metrics—reproducibility and stability (RSI/IDS/RCS)—using a single PersonaMatrix test, “What Is My Character Type?” (TestPersona). Written at the intersection of LLM research and clinical psychology, the article provides clinical rationale and ethical constraints for safe deployment of psychologically loaded evaluations.
subject: Extended Reality (XR) and Human-Computer Interaction
  topic: section
subject: LLM Evaluation, Psychometrics, Prompt Sensitivity, Reproducibility, Behavioral Profiling, Clinical Safety, PersonaMatrix, TestPersona
  topic: keywords
creator: Drobakha Anatoliy
creator: Kalitkin Mykhailo
creator: Klymenko Kateryna
creator: Nayda Roman
creator: Lahuta Liudmyla
creator: Kostenko Oleksii
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Drobakha Anatoliy, Kalitkin Mykhailo, Klymenko Kateryna, Nayda Roman, Lahuta Liudmyla, Kostenko Oleksii (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2026-02-10
publication date: 2026-02-10
doi: 10.69635/mssl.2026.2.1.31

IMPLEMENTATION OF INTERNATIONAL HUMANITARIAN LAW IN VIRTUAL ENVIRONMENTS: CHALLENGES AND PROSPECTS FOR REGULATING ARMED CONFLICTS IN THE ERA OF THE METAVERSE AND IMMERSIVE TECHNOLOGIES
type: item
description: The article examines the implementation of international humanitarian law (IHL) norms in virtual environments during contemporary armed conflicts, with a focus on challenges posed by the metaverse and immersive technologies such as virtual reality (VR) and augmented reality (AR). In the context of the ongoing Russian-Ukrainian war, which began in 2014 and escalated in 2022, the study considers examples of the use of drones, autonomous artificial intelligence (AI) systems, and virtual simulators within the Armed Forces of Ukraine. The author emphasizes the universality of the fundamental principles of IHL ‒ humanity, distinction, proportionality, and precaution ‒ and the need to adapt them to digital realities in which legal gaps arise, including the collective consequences of cyberattacks, the indiscriminate nature of drone-swarm tactics, and double-tap strikes as potential violations. The literature review covers key sources: the 1949 Geneva Conventions and the 1977 Additional Protocols, the positions of the International Committee of the Red Cross (ICRC) on autonomous weapons systems, NATO hybrid warfare strategies, and reports by Human Rights Watch and Amnesty International on documenting war crimes. The article discusses specific examples, including Russia’s massive attacks on Ukraine’s energy infrastructure in 2022–2023 using Shahed-136 (Geran-2) drones and cyberattacks (Industroyer2, Sandworm), which caused large-scale blackouts and severely affected the civilian population, as well as the cyberattack on the Viasat KA-SAT satellite network in February 2022, which resulted in collective collateral effects across Europe. Within the Armed Forces of Ukraine, immersive technologies are being integrated into training through simulators by L7 Simulators (UNITS VR, DRONOBII, Vartovi, Dvobii) and IHL training programs supported by DCAF and the ICRC, which foster a culture of compliance with humanitarian norms. Ukraine is positioning itself as a leader in shaping new IH…
subject: Law, Regulation, and Digital Rights
  topic: section
subject: International Humanitarian Law, Virtual Environments, Metaverse, Immersive Technologies, AI-Enabled Drones, War In Ukraine
  topic: keywords
creator: Volodymyr Tymoshenko
creator: Tetiana Fedchuk
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Volodymyr Tymoshenko, Tetiana Fedchuk (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2025-12-15
publication date: 2025-12-15
doi: 10.69635/mssl.2025.1.2.29

SAFE USE OF DIGITAL MEDICAL DATA OF HIGH-TECH DIAGNOSTIC EXAMINATIONS IN EXPERT SIMULATION BASED ON VIRTUAL TWINS
type: item
description: The article discusses the prerequisites for the safe use of digital medical data of high-tech diagnostic examinations, primarily magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), in expert medical modelling based on virtual patient twins (Digital Twin). Based on the analysis of modern research on privacy, security, and ethics of digital twins in medicine, cybersecurity, and the metaverse, the composition of the main threats has been clarified: falsification of images and metadata, personal data leaks, and non-transparent secondary use of information. A conceptual architecture of a medical digital twin for expert and forensic purposes is proposed, which integrates cryptographically secure storages, event logs, algorithms for detecting fake MRI data, and legal information processing policies. For quantitative assessment of risks, a probabilistic model has been built, as well as an optimization setting of the choice of technical and organizational protection measures. For automated data integrity control, a combination of convolutional and recurrent neural network (CNN+LSTM) for image analysis and an autoencoder with LSTM (AE+LSTM) for monitoring metadata sequences and access logs were used. It is shown how the proposed model is consistent with the requirements of the legislation of Ukraine on personal data protection, EU Regulation 2016/679 (GDPR) and the US HIPAA act and can be implemented within the framework of the Zero Trust architecture in medical information systems. The practical result of the work is the formation of a holistic methodology for the design of medical digital twins, focused on the expert use of MRI data, which minimizes legal risks and increases the reliability of conclusions.
subject: Technological Foundations and Architectures
  topic: section
subject: Digital Twin, Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Medical Digital Data, MRI/CT Falsification, Privacy, Cybersecurity, Expert Medicine, Zero Trust, Multimodal Artificial Intelligence, GDPR, HIPAA
  topic: keywords
creator: Strelnykov Mykhailo
creator: Horobets Maria
creator: Kostenko Viktoria
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Strelnykov Mykhailo, Horobets Maria, Kostenko Viktoria (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2025-12-15
publication date: 2025-12-15
doi: 10.69635/mssl.2025.1.2.28

NEUROANCHORING OF THINKING: A NEW METACOGNITIVE MODEL OF THINKING AND CONTENT LABELING AS A CATALYST FOR THE RAPID TRANSFORMATION OF EDUCATION SYSTEM FROM LEVEL 2.0 TO LEVEL 5.0
type: item
description: This article introduces the neuroanchoring model of thinking – an innovative metacognitive tool that labels the educational content and type of thinking within learning activities. The model is applied in digital WOW-lessons, enhancing perception, attention, motivation, automation, and increasing the technology of the education system to level 5.0.
subject: Education, Training, and Cognitive Science
  topic: section
subject:
  topic: keywords
  value: Neuroanchoring, Cognitive Labeling, Types and Algorithms of Thinking, Brain Neural Networks, Meta-Cognition, WOW-Lessons (Wonders of Wisdom), Hersonalized Learning, Artificial Intelligence in Education, Digital Educational Cases, Neuroprofiling, Educational Neuropsychology, Thinking Skills, AI-Powered Educational Platforms, Virtual Meta-Learning, Cognitive Strategies and Attention, Cognitive Routing, Anchoring Effect in Learning, Adaptive Learning, Education Model 5.0, Prospects of Neuroanchoring Models
creator: Vladimir Spivakovsky
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Vladimir Spivakovsky (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2025-12-15
publication date: 2025-12-15
doi: 10.69635/mssl.2025.1.2.27

AUTOMATED COMPLEX "ELECTRONIC SIGNATURE OF THE VOTER (EPO)" AS AN ELEMENT OF THE CRITICAL INFRASTRUCTURE OF THE ELECTION PROCESS
type: item
description: The article studies the automated complex "Electronic Voter Signature" (EPO) as an element of the critical information infrastructure of the election process. It is shown that modern electoral systems can no longer rely solely on paper procedures and traditional identification mechanisms, as the intensity of cyber threats aimed at undermining trust in voting results is increasing. A system model of the EPO complex is proposed, in which key modules are allocated: biometric verification of voters, cryptographic protection and signature, management of voting sessions, logging and auditing, integration with the electronic voting system, as well as security monitoring subsystems based on Zero Trust, IDS (intrusion detection systems) and SIEM (centralized event correlation) approaches. To assess the reliability and stability of the complex, probabilistic models of reliability theory, indicators of average uptime (MTBF) and mean recovery time (MTTR), availability factor and generalized stability function were used. Special attention is paid to modeling cascade failures in the network of district nodes interacting through secure channels, using graph models and simulation scenarios. To increase the effectiveness of cyber defense, the use of machine learning methods, in particular, deep architectures CNN+LSTM, AE+LSTM and Byte2Image transformations for analyzing network traffic and event logs is proposed. It has been demonstrated that the combination of redundant architectural solutions, the Zero Trust concept and intelligent anomaly detection systems allows achieving a significantly higher level of availability and resilience of the EPO complex compared to the basic configurations. A method for protecting the biometric identification and authentication unit by human face from spoofing attacks is proposed using algorithms for converting color image spaces into YCrCb and CIE L*u*v* and analyzing attack signs using the ETC classifier. The normative aspects of the regulation of…
subject: Digital Identity, Privacy, and Cybersecurity
  topic: section
subject: Voter Electronic Signature, Critical Information Infrastructure, Reliability, Resilience, MTBF, MTTR, Zero Trust, IDS, SIEM, Machine Learning, E-Voting
  topic: keywords
creator: Dmytro V. Zhuravlov
creator: Dmytro D. Zhuravlov
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Dmytro V. Zhuravlov, Dmytro D. Zhuravlov (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2025-12-05
publication date: 2025-12-05
doi: 10.69635/mssl.2025.1.2.26

LEGAL REGULATION OF THE USE OF SIMULATION AND MODELING TECHNOLOGIES IN ENSURING STATE SECURITY BY LAW ENFORCEMENT AGENCIES OF UKRAINE
type: item
description: The article is devoted to a comprehensive analysis of the legal foundations for the use of simulation and modeling technologies in the activities of law enforcement agencies of Ukraine in the context of ensuring state security. The need for an in-depth study of this issue has intensified against the backdrop of a global administrative and legal reform, which has placed at the forefront the necessity of developing effective mechanisms for the legal regulation of law enforcement activities, particularly through the introduction of modern digital, simulation, and artificial intelligence technologies. The study provides an extensive theoretical examination of the subject matter and proposes an original conceptual framework for improving the state security system by establishing clear regulatory norms governing the use of modeling, simulation, and artificial intelligence technologies. Special emphasis is placed on identifying systemic shortcomings and gaps in the current national legislation regulating such technologies, as well as on substantiating the need to update legal mechanisms capable of ensuring integrity, ethical conduct, and the prevention and counteraction of money laundering in Ukraine. The article reveals the specifics of modern simulation-situational techniques in personnel training, optimization of operational and service activities, and support for managerial decision-making. It provides an expanded overview of regulatory acts that directly or indirectly govern the sphere of simulation modeling, identifying issues of fragmentation, ambiguity, and insufficient coherence among legal norms. Considerable attention is devoted to aspects of cybersecurity, personal data protection, prevention of abuse, and the development of ethical standards and procedural safeguards for the use of intelligent technologies in law enforcement activities. Based on the conducted analysis, the article formulates scientifically grounded recommendations for the further development o…
subject: Law, Regulation, and Digital Rights
  topic: section
subject: Legal Regulation, Simulation and Modeling Technologies, Law Enforcement Agencies, Legal Doctrine, Administrative Law, Artificial Intelligence
  topic: keywords
creator: Oleksandr Nikitenko
creator: Oleh Predmestnikov
creator: Illia Zhuravel
creator: Illia Kryzhanovskyi
creator: Bogdan Krymchanin
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Oleksandr Nikitenko, Oleh Predmestnikov, Illia Zhuravel, Illia Kryzhanovskyi, Bogdan Krymchanin (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2025-11-21
publication date: 2025-11-21
doi: 10.69635/mssl.2025.1.2.25

FEATURES OF DIGITALIZATION AND ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE OF PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION
type: item
description: The article substantiates that modern development of digital technologies dramatically transforms approaches to the organization and functioning of public administration. The vision is given that digitalization is not just a technological innovation, but a prerequisite for effective public administration in the 21st century. The authors argue that we do not present life without domestic digitalization. The digital technologies we use do not list daily. Most often these are computers, laptops, tablets, smartphones, servers, mobile banking, profiles on social networks, digital fluilance, electron mail, cloud digital technologies, work, mobile applications, BlaBlacar, alarm, household technicians with Wi-Fi, and more. Currently, all humanity has become a luminaire. It is concluded that today as a result of the formation and development of a digital state, a number of "digital terms" is formed in Ukraine, which have been used since the beginning of the XXI century in the Laws "On Electronic Identification and Electronic Trust Services", "On Electronic Documents and Electronic Document Management, and others [1]; It is established that, depending on the expected effects of the digital world, individual groups of stakeholders, the term "digitalization" is used arbitrarily, differently. Digitalization is often confused with the terms of digitalization and digital transformation (digital transformation). The authors offer an understanding of the features of the concept of digitization about the information recording system, while digitalization is about the interconnection systems and the use of digitized data. Digitalization (digitalization) - two conceptual terms in digital state, which are closely related but inaccessible, are not replaced by each other.
subject: Law, Regulation, and Digital Rights
  topic: section
subject: Digitalization, Digitization, Artificial Intelligence
  topic: keywords
creator: Larisa Kovalenko
creator: Bohdan Kovalenko
creator: David Eldar Ogly Dzhafarov
creator: Anastasia Arnautova
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Larisa Kovalenko, Bohdan Kovalenko, David Eldar Ogly Dzhafarov, Anastasia Arnautova (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2025-10-30
publication date: 2025-10-30
doi: 10.69635/mssl.2025.1.2.24

DIGITAL JURISDICTION
type: item
description: The scientific work is a logical continuation of the author's many years of research devoted to the formation of the paradigm of digital jurisdiction — a new legal system for the digital and immersive environment of the Metaverse. If previous works outlined the conceptual foundations of this phenomenon, the current study for the first time structures digital jurisdiction in the format of a holistic model that combines the technical, ethical, procedural and legal levels of digital governance. The model is considered as a normative architecture of the future — a kind of "metaoperating system" for regulating social relations in virtual spaces, which transforms the classical principles of sovereignty, jurisdiction and responsibility in the online world. The article offers a methodological scheme for building an digital jurisdiction based on a modular approach, which allows it to be integrated into the system of national and international law. Particular attention is paid to institutional and procedural components — digital courts, ombudsmen, cross-border arbitration, as well as the principles of algorithmic legitimacy and ethical-centric governance. Digital jurisdiction is interpreted as a tool for civilizational adaptation of law to the age of Web 4.0, blockchain legal protocols and artificial intelligence. This study not only systematizes the established theory but also offers a conceptual shift from the declarative level to modelling the operational legal system of the future, opening prospects for the creation of digital codes, registers and international regulatory platforms. The author encourages the scientific community to a deep discussion about borders, subjectivity, and justice in digital civilization, because digital jurisdiction is not just a new legal form — it is a matrix for restarting law and order in post-physical reality.
subject: Law, Regulation, and Digital Rights
  topic: section
subject:
  topic: keywords
  value: Electronic Jurisdiction, Digital Jurisdiction, Metaverse, Digital Law, Algorithmic Governance, Artificial Intelligence, Digital State, Digital Code, AI, Metaverse, Digital Sovereignty, Law, Web 3.0, Digital Identity, Blockchain, Avatar
creator: Kostenko Oleksii
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Kostenko Oleksii (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2025-10-17
publication date: 2025-10-17
doi: 10.69635/mssl.2025.1.2.23

AI-ENABLED DRONES: THE CASE OF THE RUSSO-UKRAINIAN WAR AND ITS FAR-REACHING CONSEQUENCES
type: item
description: The Russo-Ukrainian War has significantly accelerated the integration of artificial intelligence (AI) and drones (or unmanned aerial systems) into modern military operations, transforming security and defence. Traditional doctrines, centred on static, physical defences, have proven insufficient against the speed and adaptability of AI-enabled drone warfare. Drawing on recent operational evidence, this paper identifies three doctrinal shifts: the replacement of fixed defences with dynamic monitoring networks, based on collaborative human-AI decision-making; the decentralization of innovation through collaboration between military units and civilian actors; and the recognition of drones as inherently dual-use technologies requiring tailored policy frameworks. By analysing Ukraine’s adaptive approach to limited resources, the study underscores the strategic advantages of proactive detection, predictive analytics, and rapid technological iteration. These findings suggest that states that integrate AI-driven anticipation and dual-use preparedness into their doctrines will be better positioned to safeguard the civilian population and critical infrastructure in an era of rapid technological diffusion and evolving threats.
subject: Artificial Intelligence and Intelligent Agents
  topic: section
subject: Artificial Intelligence, AI-Enabled Drones, Decision-Making, Drones, Human-AI Collaboration, Russo-Ukrainian War, Security and Defence Doctrine, Warfare
  topic: keywords
creator: Yulia Razmetaeva
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Yulia Razmetaeva (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2025-10-13
publication date: 2025-10-13
doi: 10.69635/mssl.2025.1.2.22

GDPR PRACTICES FOR IDENTITY VERIFICATION IN THE BICYCLE RENTAL SECTOR IN BELGIUM
type: item
description: This article studies the Belgian Data Protection Authority’s decision of 19 August 2025 about a bicycle rental company that demanded users to provide their identity cards, where more information was placed for the contract performance, and, moreover, allowed continuous geolocation tracking. The case shows how personal data must be practically processed in compliance with the General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR). It spotlights the legal issues of necessity, legal interests, data minimization, together with the privacy, transparency, proportionality, and rights to access. The examination also stresses that location data, while not explicitly defined in the GDPR, qualifies as personal data too. The sanctions levied by the Belgian authority, including a reprimand and a warning, confirm the importance of executing robust safeguards to secure lawful processing and respect for data subjects’ rights. Also, by brooding on scholarly lookouts with a practical case, the study recommends enriching identity verification practices in shared mobility services, ensuring GDPR obedience while keeping user trust.
subject: Digital Identity, Privacy, and Cybersecurity
  topic: section
subject: Personal Data, Belgian Data Protection Authority, Data Protection Compliance, Identity Card, A Balancing Test
  topic: keywords
creator: Bulgakova Daria
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Bulgakova Daria (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2025-10-13
publication date: 2025-10-13
doi: 10.69635/mssl.2025.1.2.21

METAVERSE AND METATHEORY
type: item
description: The article outlines the conceptual and methodological foundations of understanding the metaverse as a sociotechnical infrastructure of the "embodied internet", which intertwines the practices of virtual and augmented reality with the services of the physical world. The focus is on the issues of digital identity, agency, and responsibility, as well as the attachment of law and order to events in the virtual environment (electronic jurisdiction). Methodologically, the work is based on a metatheoretical approach. Metatheory is considered as a "level of the second order", which explores the structure, methods and boundaries of application of subject theories, analyzes the rules for the creation of knowledge — axiomatics, derivation schemes, criteria of correctness, completeness and consistency, as well as the conditions for introducing new concepts and procedures for their operationalization. It provides definitional clarity, consistency and reproducibility of knowledge. The article clarifies the content of the metaverse: from the "virtual world" to an interoperable infrastructure with persistent user identity, portability of digital assets, and agreed access and moderation procedures (policy-as-code). It is shown that such a framework provides grounds for combining technical standards (data exchange, interoperability of protocols) with human rights guarantees (privacy, non-discrimination, appealability).
subject: Technological Foundations and Architectures
  topic: section
subject:
  topic: keywords
  value: Metaverse, Digital Identity, Avatar, Electronic Jurisdiction, Metatheory, Metamathematics, Metalogic, Axiomatics, Semantics (Model Theory), Interoperability, Metaanalysis, Human Rights in Digital Environments
creator: Ohirko Igor
creator: Usenko Yana
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Ohirko Igor, Usenko Yana (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2025-09-12
publication date: 2025-09-12
doi: 10.69635/mssl.2025.1.1.19

LEGAL FRAMEWORK FOR CYBERSECURITY IN THE CONTEXT OF THE METAVERSE FORMATION
type: item
description: This article provides a comprehensive analysis of the legal challenges and regulatory gaps emerging in the field of cybersecurity amid the rapid development of the metaverse—a virtual environment that integrates digital reality, artificial intelligence, blockchain, and distributed data technologies. The study explores critical legal dilemmas related to user identification, personal data protection, digital property management, and the implementation of smart contracts. It is argued that traditional regulatory models based on territorial sovereignty and centralized control mechanisms are ineffective in dynamic digital ecosystems, where identity, transactions, and interactions acquire transboundary and multi-agent characteristics. The concept of cyber-jurisdiction in metaverse environments is proposed, incorporating parameters of decentralization, network sovereignty, and the protection of individual information rights. Based on a comparative analysis of approaches from the EU, the USA, South Korea, and Ukraine, the article formulates proposals for developing an adaptive legal model for cyber governance, including mechanisms for digital certification, confidential identification, and cyberethical behavioral norms in virtual space. The results of the study are of interest to scholars, legislators, cyber analysts, and metaverse developers from the perspective of regulatory unification and the establishment of digital civil rights.
subject: Law, Regulation, and Digital Rights
  topic: section
subject: Cybersecurity, Metaverse, Digital Law, Identification, Artificial Intelligence, Personal Data, Blockchain, Digital Identity, Smart Contract, Regulation, Cyber Defense
  topic: keywords
creator: Prokopovych-Tkachenko Dmytro
creator: Sarychev Volodymyr
creator: Derkach Vitaliy
creator: Rudenko Yevheniy
creator: Matzko Volodymyr
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Prokopovych-Tkachenko Dmytro, Sarychev Volodymyr, Derkach Vitaliy, Rudenko Yevheniy, Matzko Volodymyr (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2025-07-28
publication date: 2025-07-28
doi: 10.69635/mssl.2025.1.1.18

LEGAL REGULATION OF THE USE OF ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE IN ENSURING STATE SECURITY IN UKRAINE’S BORDER REGIONS BY LAW ENFORCEMENT AGENCIES
type: item
description: This study is devoted to the legal regulation of artificial intelligence (AI) in ensuring state security in Ukraine’s border regions amid global challenges, including cross-border crime, migration flows, and hybrid threats. In the context of Russia’s full-scale war against Ukraine, launched on February 24, 2022, protecting the state border has become critically important for Ukraine’s sovereignty and territorial integrity. The research explores the potential of AI for automating border control, verifying identities, detecting suspicious behavior, forecasting threats, and modeling security scenarios in the metaverse. Through normative legal analysis, comparative methodology, and case studies, Ukrainian laws such as “On the State Border of Ukraine,” “On the State Border Guard Service of Ukraine,” and “On the Participation of Citizens in the Protection of Public Order and the State Border” were examined, revealing their inadequacy in regulating AI technologies. Based on the EU AI Act, the study proposes a legal model for the ethical implementation of AI that ensures rule of law, protection of human rights, and public trust. The integration of AI with the metaverse opens new opportunities for training border guards, simulating hybrid threats, and optimizing resources—reducing risks during real-world operations. The findings support harmonization of Ukrainian legislation with European standards, strengthening border security, and promoting European integration. The research emphasizes the need for a comprehensive approach to conflict resolution, combining diplomatic, political, economic, and technological measures. It highlights the importance of ethical AI governance to ensure transparency, accountability, and the protection of citizens' constitutional rights, which is critical for Ukraine in the face of modern security challenges.
subject: Law, Regulation, and Digital Rights
  topic: section
subject: Border Security, Legal Regulation, Artificial Intelligence, Metaverse, State Security of Ukraine, Legal Governance
  topic: keywords
creator: Oleksandr Nikitenko
creator: Oleh Predmestnikov
creator: Illia Zhuravel
creator: Bohdan Krymchanin
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Oleksandr Nikitenko, Oleh Predmestnikov, Illia Zhuravel, Bohdan Krymchanin (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2025-07-25
publication date: 2025-07-25
doi: 10.69635/mssl.2025.1.1.17

QUANTUM SECURITY IN WEB 4.0: A NEW STAGE IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE METAVERSE
type: item
description: The rapid advancement of Web 4.0, or the Symbiotic Web, marks a pivotal shift in the evolution of the Internet, characterized by immersive digital experiences and intelligent, decentralized ecosystems. This paper explores the intersection of Web 4.0, the Metaverse, and quantum security, focusing on the urgent need to secure digital infrastructures against the growing threat of quantum computing. As the Metaverse becomes a dynamic driver of digital transformation and economic development, the integration of post-quantum cryptography and quantum-resistant systems is essential for ensuring data privacy, digital sovereignty, and cyber resilience. The study examines key technological trends - including AI, blockchain, XR, and the Industrial Metaverse - within the context of current geopolitical risks, particularly the war in Ukraine. It highlights international quantum strategies, post-quantum encryption standards, and emerging architectures such as quantum blockchain. The authors argue that a proactive approach to quantum security is imperative for safeguarding future virtual environments, emphasizing Ukraine’s strategic opportunity to build a robust and ethical quantum ecosystem.
subject: Digital Identity, Privacy, and Cybersecurity
  topic: section
subject:
  topic: keywords
  value: Web 4.0, Metaverse, Quantum Security, Post-Quantum Cryptography, Digital Sovereignty, Industrial Metaverse, Quantum Computing, Quantum Blockchain, XR Technologies, Data Privacy, Cybersecurity, Ukraine, Digital Transformation, Quantum Infrastructure
creator: Danyila Oliinyk
creator: Stepan Koshkarov
creator: Yurii Konizhai
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Danyila Oliinyk, Stepan Koshkarov, Yurii Konizhai (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2025-07-24
publication date: 2025-07-24
doi: 10.69635/mssl.2025.1.1.16

LEGAL REGULATION IN THE FIELD OF INTERNAL INFORMATION SECURITY AS A COMPONENT OF UKRAINE'S NATIONAL SECURITY
type: item
description: Legal regulation in the field of national information policy is guaranteed by the Constitution of Ukraine [1], the Resolution of the Verkhovna Rada of Ukraine “On the Concept (Fundamentals of State Policy) of National Security of Ukraine,” the Law of Ukraine “On Information,” the Law of Ukraine “On the Protection of Information in Information and Telecommunication Systems,” the Presidential Decree enacting the decision of the National Security and Defense Council of Ukraine dated October 15, 2021 “On the Information Security Strategy,” and other regulatory and subordinate legal acts [2]. Scientific research on ensuring state security in Ukraine’s border regions is wide-ranging, particularly in safeguarding information security against unlawful intrusions. The protection of sovereignty and territorial integrity, as well as the provision of economic and information security, are among the most crucial responsibilities of the state and the shared duty of the Ukrainian people. It should be noted that the responsibility for maintaining national security and securing the state border in the domain of information security lies with the relevant government authorities, military formations, and law enforcement agencies, whose structure and operational procedures are defined by law [3]. Furthermore, reform initiatives in Ukraine’s law enforcement sector and the formalization of law enforcement agencies in the Constitution require, first and foremost, clarification of the term “law enforcement agencies,” an understanding of their functional purpose, and based on that, the definition of their system. At present, Ukrainian administrative law recognizes anywhere from 17 to 80 law enforcement agencies, depending on the particular interpretation of the “law enforcement function” and the classification criteria built upon it [4]. Current legislation does not provide a comprehensive concept of law enforcement agencies. Instead, it defines them by way of enumeration. Additionally, the…
subject: Law, Regulation, and Digital Rights
  topic: section
subject: Information Security, Rule of Law, Legal Provision, National Security, Artificial Intelligence, Sovereignty, Metaverse
  topic: keywords
creator: Oleksandr Nikitenko
creator: Illia Zhuravel
creator: Bohdan Krymchanin
creator: Andrii Verbitskyi
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Oleksandr Nikitenko, Illia Zhuravel, Bohdan Krymchanin, Andrii Verbitskyi (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2025-07-16
publication date: 2025-07-16
doi: 10.69635/mssl.2025.1.1.15

DEVELOPMENT OF THE DOCTRINE OF IMPLEMENTING ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE IN PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION
type: item
description: The historical and legal stages of the formation and development of the doctrine of the introduction of artificial intelligence into public administration are studied. The concept of artificial intelligence in public administration is given. The essence of artificial intelligence in public administration is revealed, its types and principles are substantiated. The regulatory and legal regulation of artificial intelligence in Ukraine is analyzed. The advantages of introducing artificial intelligence into the public administration system and the prospects for the formation and development of artificial intelligence in public administration of Ukraine are substantiated. Attention is drawn to the predicted challenges and risks of using artificial intelligence. The author proposes to make changes and additions to the current information legislation of Ukraine.
subject: Law, Regulation, and Digital Rights
  topic: section
subject: Artificial Intelligence, Digitalization, Public Administration, Doctrine
  topic: keywords
creator: Kovalenko Larisa
creator: Kovalenko Bogdan
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Kovalenko Larisa, Kovalenko Bogdan (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2025-07-16
publication date: 2025-07-16
doi: 10.69635/mssl.2025.1.1.14